1) Lack of Fossil Evidence for Bigfoot: Radford's primary point here is that there ain't no bigfoot-esque fossils to be found, ergo, no Bigfoot. This is a problematic line of argument, for a couple of reasons.
The first and foremost of these is called TAPHONOMY, which is the study of the hows and whys of fossilization and preservation. Briefly, some places on the Earth's surface are more conducive to the preservation of organism remains, while other locations are more hostile to preservation. So, places with lots of sediment available for burial and relatively little opportunity for disturbance by other animals (scavengers, etc) are better places for preserving animals. A classic of example of this are the various lake deposits of the Eocene Green River Formation in Wyoming, or in various floodplain deposits (where there is a lot of sediment being deposited). An example of a setting where there is poor preservational potential is the forest, where low sediment production and high biological activity conspire to rapidly (on the geological scale) breakdown and redistribute remains, making fossilization impossible (or nearly so).
An additional problem (and one that the bigfoot buffs out there probably thought of immediately) is that A) not knowing the exact phylogenetic position of "Bigfoot" makes it difficult to identify ancestors, and B) if it is a hominid (or hominoid, or whatever), then we may have some fossilized ancestors in the form of Old World fossils, and the taphonomic effect may explain their absence in the record.
That being said, it would STILL be nice to have evidence of a large, relatively recent non-human ape in the rock record.
2) The Lack of Modern Remains: This is a big one, frankly, and the strongest argument against the existence of a large unknown animal in North America. Folks spend a lot of time in the woods, you'd think they'd have found evidence of something out there.
Now, some bigfooters out there will counter with the argument that maybe these organisms possess a distinct, "human-like" culture of waste removal and burial of bodies, etc. These activities, however, would result in considerable disturbance as well, however; I mean, a bigfoot colony is going to produce a lot of shit, you know? And a 250 lb+ corpse needs a big hole if you're going to bury it.
Of all the arguments against Bigfoot, this one is the most damning.
3) Breeding Population: Radford contends that, in order to account for the large number of sightings, a large number of Bigfoot are required. It's an old axiom in the intelligence services that the risk of exposure of a group increases by the square of the number of individuals added (so that if you add 2 individuals, the risk of exposure goes up four-fold). So #3 is really a corollary to #2. Of course, maybe only 1 out of 1000 bigfoot sightings is real, which therefore results in a much smaller "required" bigfoot population.
4) Reliance of Eyewitness Accounts: Radford (rightly, in my mind) states the fact that most of the Bigfoot evidence out there are eyewitness accounts, which are notoriously untrustworthy. These are anecdotes, and shouldn't be tossed aside (which Radford agrees with), but they are a VERY weak line of evidence.
5) Blobsquatch: a funny word, but #5 is really rehashed #4, but with pictures.
6) No Academics: a legitimate point, though for a different reason than Radford states. The problem is that there is a general absence of academic rigor in Bigfootology and Yeticological Research, which means that there is no really well-documented, methodologically sound biological or ecology study out there. If you aren't doing research, then it's a hobby, pal.
7) Scientists haven't seen one: By this, Radford means that in the course of other detailed studies (as in the search for the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker), scientists haven't run across evidence for a Bigfoot. This is sort of tied to #2 above, really, with the general paucity of evidence being pretty grim for old Bigfoot.
8) New Species: The important point in number 8 is Radford's quote:
"The last large animal to be found was probably the giant panda, and that was
100 years ago," said Radford. "There has not been a single new creature that
doesn't fit the recognized taxonomy discovered in the last century, there just
simply hasn't."
The second sentence is the important part; evolutionary theory is predictive, and we can use the fossil record, genetic studies, and phylogenies to predict the occurrence of certain organisms in areas. The fact that primates went extinct in North America some 45 million years ago (or so), and the fact that apes (which, presumably, Bigfoot is supposed to be) evolved in the Old World, makes an endemic New World Ape problematic. That's not to say it couldn't be here, but it would require and explanation and further evidence to account for it.
9) Hoaxes: The fact of the matter is, there are a LOT of hoaxes out there (re: GA). So many, that the field is sullied by them, such that anyone making a claim not only has to deal with the extraordinary nature of the claim, but ALSO has to overcome the stigma of a possible hoax. The way to remedy this, of course, is to undertake rigorous, peer-reviewed research, with the level of scientific transparency present in real studies.10) Nonuniform Prints: This goes back to number 9, and undoubtedly, many of these prints (with their multiple toe-counts) are probably hoaxes.
There is some redundancy on the list, and some problems here and there with reasoning, but all in all, I think Radford has a pretty reasonable list here. Any thing I've missed, or any points anyone else wants to make?
UPDATE 09/02/08: Loren Coleman discusses point number 8 on his cryptomundo blog.
6 comments:
grammy says: Here's a proposal. Shower Benjamin Radford with fermented apple juice and stake him out within 3 Bigfoot paces of some body of water. Leave him there overnight. Check on him in the morning.
If that sounds too cruel, we could settle for doing a meta-analysis of the enormous body of information we have from all those (sneer, snicker) eyewitness accounts. Even those who haven't had any personal experience with these creatures might be impressed if they realized that the Australian aborigine tribes and our own Seminoles both claim to have observed heavy bony plates in the chests of these creatures. If we do tie Mr. Radford down within reach of the non-existent animals, maybe we should warn him to aim for the head, not the chest? laughing, grammy
Putting fermented apple juice on anyone is always cruel.
You gotta admit, though, that Radford makes some solid points. Eyewitness accounts are anecdotal evidence, at best, and the lack of physical evidence is a big problem for bigfooters.
Sorry, but I had to slap his "theories" around a bit on the old blog. It was a good read, though.
You lost me at "ain't no...". You can't have such poor English and expect to be taken seriously.
Excellent points. The status quo will stand until a body is produced. It is almost impossible to kill one. For an easier explaintion, they are ninjas. Evolved to keep and maintain the stragetic advantage. Humans are simply to dumb, slow, & clumsy in their areana. Respect the skeptics, they keep things on an even keel. The fossil point is weak since we have still found NO fossils of chimps yet. Look it up. Every single fossil is basically a miracle considering the steps involved in making one & finding it. Also, remains return to environment quickly or maybe hidden/buried by other Sasquatch. Also incorrect on no other large animals found by science in last 100 years...look that up too. The point of Non-Uniform prints is "ify"...weird mutantions such as odd numbered toes happen when inbreeding occurs due to limited numbers. A viable breeding population needs to be at least around 1500. The Non-Uniform prints mainly are found in Florida & surrounding areas due to isolation. Also, scientists tend to shy from subjects that could discredit or ruin their name, rightfully so. If you're bored, and want another view of discussion, Research the Snub Nose Monkey recently discovered. Interesting story. I personally feel their brain is their highly evolved survial tool like a deer's nose, a eagle's eyes, or a bat's eats. They could remain undetected in remote areas, with only random mistakes with reported sightings. North Amreica has more wilderness than Africa. Look that up too. Both sides of the discussion is thought provoking.
Excellent points. The status quo will stand until a body is produced. It is almost impossible to kill one. For an easier explaintion, they are ninjas. Evolved to keep and maintain the stragetic advantage. Humans are simply to dumb, slow, & clumsy in their areana. Respect the skeptics, they keep things on an even keel. The fossil point is weak since we have still found NO fossils of chimps yet. Look it up. Every single fossil is basically a miracle considering the steps involved in making one & finding it. Also, remains return to environment quickly or maybe hidden/buried by other Sasquatch. Also incorrect on no other large animals found by science in last 100 years...look that up too. The point of Non-Uniform prints is "ify"...weird mutantions such as odd numbered toes happen when inbreeding occurs due to limited numbers. A viable breeding population needs to be at least around 1500. The Non-Uniform prints mainly are found in Florida & surrounding areas due to isolation. Also, scientists tend to shy from subjects that could discredit or ruin their name, rightfully so. If you're bored, and want another view of discussion, Research the Snub Nose Monkey recently discovered. Interesting story. I personally feel their brain is their highly evolved survial tool like a deer's nose, a eagle's eyes, or a bat's eats. They could remain undetected in remote areas, with only random mistakes with reported sightings. North Amreica has more wilderness than Africa. Look that up too. Both sides of the discussion is thought provoking.
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